Of particular advantage is their adaptability to handling wet sticky ores, which normally would cause difficulty in crushing operations. The impact of platinum production from ug2 ore on ferrochrome. The books homepage helps you explore earths biggest bookstore without ever leaving the comfort of your couch. Metal bulletins quotes for ug2 chrome ore and imported charge ferrochrome reached floors in june, when they were announced as 8. Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by project gutenberg. Composition of fastfloating, slowfloating and unfloated pgm by mineral type. Pdf the aim of this contribution is to report on an investigation into the geology, mineralogy and flotation performance of merensky reef and ug2 at. The three main reef deposits are the merensky reef, ug 2 reef, and the platreef.
As an integrated metals producer, northams smelting capability dates back to 1993, when the metallurgical complex was first commissioned. The bushveld igneous complex bic is the largest layered igneous intrusion within the earths. Seven important and widespread features of ug1 and ug2 chromitite are addressed. This book can be purchased separately or in a 10pack. Each student has a composition book for dictation of sounds, words, and sentences. Although some crbased minerals such as crocoite pbcro 4, vauquelinite pb 2 cucro 4po 4, uvarovite ca 3 cr 2 sio 4 3, and merumite 4cr,al 2 o 3 3h 2 o are well known, chromite fecr 2 o 4 is the only one that is a commercially recoverable source of cr sueker, 2006. The current standard circuit design to concentrate pgms from the ug2 ore. Further, sulfides and platinumgroup minerals pgm at various locations along the strike of the platreef, at townlands, tweefontein. Integrated annual report 2017 9 introduction for the 2017 financial year new records were set for ferrochrome and chrome ore production, revenue and ebitda. The platinumgroup chemistry and mineralogy of the ug2. Chromite cr occurs exclusively in mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks papp and lipin, 2006. Pdf the aim of this contribution is to report on an investigation into the geology. The platreef is developed in the northern limb of the bushveld complex and can be described as a multiplepulse mafic magmatic horizon, dominantly pyroxenitic in composition. Houses built on weak foundations succumb to the elements, taking a test without proper study usually supports the base of the grading curves and relationships based on deceptions eventually fail.
Merensky and platreef have similar chemical and mineral composition 6, 10. Notnagel dra mining abstract mining and plant disciplines can benefit from preconcentration of ug2 platinum ores in a dense medium separation dms plant. The mottled anorthosite is composed of traces of quartz, titanite and apatite minerals. The exploration, exploitation and use of these magmatic ores are. In the time period the mineral was named, the probable supposition was that the leaching of interlayer k was a consistent feature throughout the minerals structure and that the. There are a number of factors which motivated us to write this text and which may provide an answer to this question. The merensky and ug2 orebodies occur in the layered mafic rock in. On this page you can read or download engineering science n2 book pdf in pdf format. These can attain thicknesses of more than 30 metres lamproph. The art of composition 2002 by ken gilliland it is said with all things that a good, strong foundation is key to success. Development of pgms and chrome extraction circuit from ug 2 ore. Impala platinum limited is the worlds second largest platinum producer, producing more than 1.
Copper ore 120150 3044 20 d37 dolomite, lumpy 80100 3044 22 d36. Process mineralogy a new generation for ore characterisation and plant optimization. It averages 150m in thickness, with a prominently toploaded grade profile, where the optimal mineralisation is located in the upper 30m to 40m of the package and strikes. The impact of platinum production from ug2 ore on ferrochrome production in.
Pdf detailed geological mapping, core logging and petrographic analysis are supplemented with. Dolerite dykes are common throughout the bushveld complex. The orebodies within the complex include the ug2 upper group 2 reef. This is dependent on technical specifications and the quantity of ug2 that is processed. Ug2 potholes are here up to 50100 m in diameter and up to 40 m deep. Mineralogical analysis provides information that can be used to predict and explain. Apr 15, 2014 free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by project gutenberg. Bamini unicode tamil keyboard layout this is a keyboard layout that you can install in windows 7, 8, 8. Distribution of platinumgroup elements in pristine and. Development of pgms and chrome extraction circuit from ug. Their global importance has justified several resource calculations in the past.
Northams processing and refining capability presents a significant strategic advantage for the group. The platreef of the bushveld complex is currently the largest pge open pit deposit. A direction that performers may use include forward, backward, right, left, down, up, diagonal and sideways. It provides the writing guides to assist students with letter formation. Characterization and beneficiation of anka chromite ore using. Pdf geometallurgical characterization of merensky reef and ug2. Further, sulfides and platinumgroup minerals pgm at various locations along the strike of the platreef, at townlands. At present, the greatest share of global pge supply is extracted from the south african bushveld complex and from the zimbabwean great dyke. The impact of platinum production from ug2 ore on ferrochrome production typically 5052% cr to be converted to stainless steel, by the 1980s reserves of crfe ratios of 12inch ruled, 100 sheets, 9. It should be noted that ug2, leader and triplet chromitites follow the outline of the pothole margins. Ferromanganese basis 78% mn scale pro rata standard 7. Bradley for one of the cotype localities, in illinois, usa. This book will be appreciated by students, teachers and professional geologists for its clarity of expression and scholarship of content. Navigating production and consumption contemporary comics storytelling, by karin kukkonen.
Currently, milling and froth flotation is the most. In 1925 he identified an even more promising occurrence in. The ug2 reef, the composition of which is relatively consistent throughout the bic. Testing the hardness of metals types and comparisons. Jan 21, 2016 complete digestion of the ug2 chromitite ore was achieved using na 2 hpo 4 nah 2 po 4 h 2 o and nh 4 2 hpo 4 nh 4h 2 po 4 flux mixtures and average pge ru, os and pt yields of 1. During the grinding process, about 50% of the pgms are liberated. Chromite ore is mined in over 20 countries, but about 80% of production originates from four countries. Platinum group elements pges are an important resource for many applications, such as automotive catalytic converters for vehicles, jewelry, electrical devices and as catalysts in the chemical and petroleum industries. Heat treatment quenching, hardening, and other thermal modifications p. South africa, india, kaz akhstan, and t urkey kleynhans et al. Improving the pelletization of chromite concentrate by hpgr and. With approximately threequarters of the worlds viable chromite ore reserves located in south africa, and annual ferrochrome production approaching almost half of total annual global output, aspects of crvi generation and control are of particular relevance and importance to the local industry, and naturally to the global industry at large. White consulting economic geologist and honorary research professor, codes, university of tasmania if youve been searching for a modern textbook on metallic ore deposits, this is a good choice. The merensky, ug2 and plat reefs of the bushveld complex.
The ug2 reef, the composition of which is relatively consistent throughout the bic, is rich in chromite. However, the ug2 reef lacks the merenskys gold, copper and nickel byproducts, though its reserves may be almost twice those of the merensky reef. Overall, the merensky reef is observed to be a lower layer composed of anorthosite or norite with a thin layer of chromitite over top. In south africa, the pgm ore is mined in the western and eastern limb of the bushveld igneous complex. Distribution of platinumgroup elements in pristine and near. Sinter fines and lumps make up the bulk of the seaborne iron ore market, and are the products most frequently traded on a spot basis, so daily pricing is used for the key 62% fe, 58% fe and 65% fe fines, and lump premium references.
Pdf intrusive origin for upper group ug1, ug2 stratiform. Oct 27, 2018 the platreef of the bushveld complex is currently the largest pge open pit deposit. Influence of open circuit regrind milling on ug2 ore composition. Processes and ore deposits of ultramaficmafic magmas through. The merensky reef is a layer of igneous rock in the bushveld igneous complex bic in the. As ores of the merensky reefs are different to ug2 reefs, e. Pegmatite veins or dykes are also commonly observed. In order to investigate the behavior of pge during weathering, three boreholes covering a sequence of oxidized and pristine platreef ore from the mogalakwena mine were studied. Firstly our colleagues are predominantly mining engineers and minerals processing technologists, which provides us with a different perspective of ore deposits from many academic geologists. Rod mills may be considered either fine crushers or coarse grinding equipment. Binary modelling the milling of ug2 ore using a matrix approach. The bushveld igneous complex is a layered mafic intrusion lmi with welldefined ore bodies of stratiform chromitite layers concentrated with the socalled critical zone. The size distribution and composition of materials in grinding circuits are often. Magnetitedunite pegmatoid pipes or plugs occur in the bushveld complex.
If you dont see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom v. Novel hypothesis for origin of massive chromitites in the. Chemical content identification factors and composition standards p. Ug2 antipotholes are here up to 2030 m in diameter and up to 15 m high. The impact of platinum production from ug2 ore on ferrochrome production typically 5052% cr to be converted to stainless steel, by the 1980s reserves of crfe ratios of composition. Pgm ore processing at impalas ug2 concentrator sgs. Fired pellets, containing proper chemical compositions with high compressive.
Porphyry copper and mixed coppergold sulfide deposits contain varying amounts of precious gold and silver and platinum group metals pgms. For example, the daily, weekly and monthly indices are listed because of the varied liquidity displayed by different parts of the market. Linguistics and the study of comics, edited by frank bramlett. Nov 23, 2015 on this page you can read or download engineering science n2 book pdf in pdf format. Copper ore 120150 3044 20 d37 dolomite, lumpy 80100 3044 22 d36 gravel, dry, sharp 90100 3044 1517 d37 rice, hulled or polished 4548 19 8 b15 rock, soft, excavated with shovel 100110 3044 22 d36. The impact of platinum production from ug2 ore on ferrochrome production typically 5052% cr to be converted to stainless steel, by the 1980s reserves of crfe ratios of ore. Processes and ore deposits of ultramaficmafic magmas through space and time focuses on the fundamental processes that control the formation of ore deposits from ultramaficmafic magmas, covering chromite, platinumgroup element pge, nisulfides and tivbearing magnetite.